Europe Water Pumps Market Report

Europe Water Pumps Market Size

The europe water pumps market size was valued at USD 19.43 billion in 2025 and is anticipated to reach USD 20.25 billion in 2026 from USD 28.18 billion by 2034, growing at a CAGR of 4.22% during the forecast period from 2026 to 2034.

Water pumps are mechanical devices used to move water across residential, commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. These include centrifugal submersible booster and circulator pumps engineered for diverse functions such as building, HVAC systems, municipal water supply, irrigation drainage and wastewater management. Unlike generic fluid handling equipment water pumps in Europe are increasingly tailored to meet stringent efficiency and environmental benchmarks under the EU Ecodesign Directive. As per Eurostat, over 83% of the EU population is connected to public water supply networks while 76% is linked to urban wastewater treatment systems, which is a foundational infrastructure that relies heavily on reliable pumping solutions. According to the European Environment Agency the water sector accounts for approximately 3.5% of total EU electricity consumption with pumps representing nearly 80% of that load. Furthermore, aging water infrastructure affects a significant share of distribution networks in Southern and Eastern Europe, leading to notable average water loss through leaks. These systemic pressures underscore the critical role of modern water pumps not merely as mechanical components but as enablers of resource security, resilience and decarbonization across the European water value chain.

MARKET DRIVERS

Stringent EU Energy Efficiency Regulations Accelerate Adoption of High-Performance Pumps

The European Union’s regulatory framework has become a primary catalyst for technological upgrading in the water pump sector due to the binding eco-design requirements, which is significantly propelling the growth of the European water pumps market. According to the European Commission Regulation EU 2019 1781, which came into full enforcement in 2021, all water pumps placed on the EU market must meet minimum efficiency performance levels based on the Extended Product Approach. This mandates that circulator and glandless pumps achieve an Energy Efficiency Index of no more than 0.23, while other rotodynamic water pumps must comply with specific efficiency bands tied to hydraulic power output. As a consequence, inefficient fixed speed models have been rapidly phased out. According to the European Pump Association, over 90% of new pumps sold in Germany, France, and the Netherlands in 2024 are variable speed or electronically commutated types, which reduce energy use by 30 to 60% compared to legacy units. As per the International Energy Agency, pump system optimization across the EU could save up to 35 terawatt hours of electricity annually, equivalent to the yearly consumption of millions of households. This regulatory push not only drives equipment replacement, but also compels system integrators to adopt holistic efficiency strategies, including intelligent controls and condition monitoring, thereby transforming the market from a transactional hardware trade into a performance-based service ecosystem.

Growing Investment in Water Infrastructure Renewal Fuels Demand Across Municipal and Industrial Sectors

Europe’s urgent need to modernize aging water networks is creating sustained demand for advanced pumping solutions, particularly in wastewater and supply applications, which is further contributing to the European water pumps market expansion. According to the European Court of Auditors, over 40% of water infrastructure in EU member states is over 50 years old, with pipe networks in countries like Italy, Portugal, and Romania exceeding 70 years in many urban zones. This deterioration contributes to an average non-revenue water loss across the EU, as documented by the European Environment Agency. In response, the European Investment Bank allocated billions of euros in 2023 specifically for water and sanitation infrastructure projects, with significant portions directed toward pumping station upgrades in Poland, Greece, and Bulgaria. Similarly, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive revision mandates enhanced stormwater management and energy neutral treatment plants by 2030, requiring high reliability submersible and dry installed pumps capable of handling variable loads. Industrial users are also investing, a 2024 survey by the European Water Partnership found that a majority of food processing and chemical plants in Western Europe planned pump system retrofits within three years to comply with water reuse targets. These capital-intensive initiatives ensure long term demand for robust, corrosion resistant, and digitally enabled pumping equipment beyond cyclical economic fluctuations.

MARKET RESTRAINTS

High Upfront Costs of Smart and Variable Speed Pumps Limit Adoption in SMEs and Rural Applications

Despite regulatory and efficiency benefits, the transition to advanced water pumps remains constrained by significant initial investment barriers, particularly among small and medium enterprises and agricultural users, which is a major restraint to the European water pumps market growth. According to a 2024 European Commission SME Technology Adoption Survey, only 29% of small farms and 34% of independent water service providers in Southern and Eastern Europe have replaced legacy fixed speed pumps due to capital limitations. Variable speed and smart pumps typically carry a 40 to 60% higher purchase price than conventional models, as noted by the European Pump Association, with additional costs for sensors, control panels, and installation expertise. As per the European Central Bank, real interest rates for equipment financing in non-core EU countries averaged 5.8% in 2023, which is discouraging debt financed upgrades. Moreover, many rural water cooperatives operate on thin margins, Eurofound data indicates that a majority of agricultural water user associations in Spain and Greece rely on public subsidies for any capital expenditure. Without targeted financing mechanisms or phased retrofit programs, these segments continue to operate inefficient systems that consume excess energy and increase maintenance burdens, thereby delaying broader market transformation despite clear long-term savings potential.

Fragmented Technical Standards and Installation Practices Hinder System Integration

The lack of harmonized installation and interoperability protocols across European countries complicates the deployment of modern water pump systems, particularly in cross border projects, which is further hindering the growth of the European water pumps market. While EU eco-design sets product efficiency standards, it does not standardize piping configurations, control interfaces, or commissioning procedures. According to the European Committee for Standardization, national building codes in countries like Sweden, Italy, and Hungary prescribe divergent requirements for pump room ventilation, noise limits, and electrical safety, which forces manufacturers to maintain multiple product variants. A 2023 study by the Fraunhofer Institute found that 42% of pump system inefficiencies in commercial buildings stem not from the pump itself, but from improper sizing, incorrect pipe alignment, or mismatched control logic during installation. Furthermore, the shortage of certified technicians exacerbates the issue, the European Social Survey reports a 28% deficit in qualified HVAC and plumbing professionals across the EU, with the gap widest in Central and Eastern Europe. This skills shortage leads to suboptimal installations that fail to realize the full energy savings of advanced pumps, undermining consumer confidence and creating reputational risk for manufacturers despite their technological capabilities.

MARKET OPPORTUNITIES

Expansion of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems Creates Niche Growth Avenues

The shift toward localized and modular wastewater management is opening new markets for the European water pumps market. As per the European Environment Agency, over 15 million Europeans live in areas not connected to centralized sewage systems, including rural communities and remote tourism hubs. New EU funding mechanisms like the Recovery and Resilience Facility have prioritized decentralized solutions, with countries such as Croatia and Estonia allocating over 200 million euros combined in 2023 for small scale treatment plants. These systems rely heavily on compact, high head submersible pumps capable of handling solids and variable inflows. Grundfos and Xylem have responded by launching integrated pump and treatment pods that meet EN 12566 standards for secondary treatment. As per a 2024 European Commission rural development report, 63% of new decentralized projects now specify smart pumps with remote monitoring to reduce maintenance visits in low population density areas. This trend aligns with the EU’s circular economy goals by enabling water reuse for irrigation and reducing strain on aging municipal infrastructure, thereby creating a resilient and scalable market segment beyond traditional municipal contracts.

Integration of Digital Twin and Predictive Maintenance Technologies Enhances Lifecycle Value

The convergence of industrial Internet of Things and pump engineering is unlocking new service-based business models centred on performance assurance and uptime optimization, which is another notable opportunity in the European water pumps market. Leading manufacturers are embedding sensors and edge computing into pumps to enable real time monitoring of vibration, pressure, and energy consumption. According to the European DIGITAL SME Alliance, over 38% of industrial water users in Germany and the Netherlands have adopted digital twin enabled pump systems as of 2024, allowing virtual simulation of performance under varying load conditions. This data feeds into predictive maintenance platforms that alert operators to bearing wear or cavitation risks before failure occurs. KSB’s 2024 operational review states that its PumpMeter system reduced unplanned downtime by 47% across 200 municipal clients in France and Belgium. Crucially, these capabilities support the EU’s Green Deal objective of extending equipment lifespans, the Joint Research Centre estimates that predictive maintenance can increase pump service life by up to 30% while cutting energy waste from degradation. As water utilities face staffing shortages and budget constraints, this shift from reactive repair to proactive health management transforms pumps from capital assets into intelligent infrastructure nodes.

MARKET CHALLENGES

Supply Chain Vulnerability for Critical Materials Disrupts Production Continuity

The Europe Water Pumps Market faces persistent risk from reliance on imported raw materials and electronic components essential for motor and control systems. According to the European Raw Materials Alliance, over 85% of rare earth elements used in high efficiency permanent magnet motors are sourced from outside the EU, primarily from China. Similarly, the European Semiconductor Observatory reports that 70% of microcontrollers for smart pump drives are manufactured in Southeast Asia. Geopolitical tensions and export restrictions have amplified volatility. As per the European Central Bank’s Industrial Input Monitor, a 24% increase in lead times for motor subassemblies in 2023 compared to 2021 levels. This dependency forces manufacturers to hold larger inventories, increasing working capital costs. A 2024 survey by the European Pump Association found that 58% of members experienced production delays due to component shortages, with small and medium enterprises most affected due to limited purchasing power. Until the EU scales domestic magnet and chip production through initiatives like the European Chips Act, this structural fragility will continue to threaten just in time manufacturing and price stability in the water pump sector.

Ambiguity in Groundwater Extraction Regulations Creates Market Uncertainty

Divergent national policies on groundwater use and pump installation permissions introduce operational unpredictability for agricultural and industrial pump suppliers, which is further challenging the European water pumps market growth. While the EU Water Framework Directive sets overarching sustainability goals, it delegates implementation to member states, resulting in inconsistent permitting regimes. According to the European Environment Agency, over 60% of Southern Europe’s irrigation relies on groundwater, yet countries like Spain and Italy maintain fragmented regional licensing systems with varying depth limits, seasonal bans, and monitoring requirements. According to a 2024 study by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, 34% of new agricultural pump orders in Greece and Portugal were delayed or cancelled due to changing extraction rules. Furthermore, the lack of real time aquifer monitoring means compliance is often assessed retroactively, creating legal risk for end users. This regulatory patchwork discourages investment in high-capacity submersible pumps, particularly in drought prone areas where demand is highest but policy risk is greatest. Until the EU harmonizes groundwater governance or establishes clear pump installation thresholds, suppliers will face erratic demand signals and project cancellations that undermine planning and innovation.

REPORT COVERAGE

SEGMENTAL ANALYSIS

By Capacity Insights

The up-to 2HP capacity segment led the market by holding 36.3% of the regional market share in 2025. The leading position of up-to 2HP capacity segment in this regional market is attributed to the widespread use in residential buildings, small commercial establishments, and light agricultural applications. Low-capacity pumps under 2HP are integral to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in European homes and small businesses, where space and energy constraints favor compact units. As per Eurostat, over 74% of new residential buildings constructed in the EU between 2020 and 2024 incorporated wet central heating systems, requiring circulator or small centrifugal pumps typically below 1HP. These systems are mandatory in colder climates such as Sweden and Germany, where district heating and boiler-based setups remain prevalent. Furthermore, the EU’s Ecodesign Directive specifically targets pumps under 2kW, which includes most Upto 2HP models, mandating IE3 or IE4 motor efficiency and variable speed drives. The European Commission’s Market Surveillance Unit confirmed that over 92% of new circulator pumps sold in 2024 complied with these standards, reinforcing adoption. The combination of regulatory compliance, compact form factor, and low installation cost ensures sustained demand from HVAC contractors and facility managers across urban and suburban Europe.

The 5–10 HP segment is the fastest growing capacity category in the Europe water pumps market and is predicted to witness a CAGR of 7.12% over the forecast period. Europe’s push for decentralized wastewater infrastructure is driving demand for 5–10 HP pumps in small to medium treatment facilities serving populations of 2,000 to 15,000 residents. As per the European Environment Agency, over 12,000 such communities across Poland, Hungary, and Croatia lack connection to major sewer networks and are now building modular treatment units under the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility. These plants require robust submersible or dry installed pumps capable of handling 50 to 200 cubic meters per hour of flow, precisely the performance range of 5–10 HP models. The European Investment Bank reports that 3.2 billion euros were allocated in 2023 specifically for such projects, with pump procurement representing 22% of capital expenditure. This public investment creates a stable pipeline for mid capacity pumps that balance performance and operational cost.

By End Use Sector Insights

The water & wastewater end use segment led the market by commanding 31.9% of the regional market share in 2025 due to its continuous investment in municipal water networks and treatment infrastructure. The revision of the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive requires all EU municipalities with over 2,000 residents to implement advanced treatment, including nutrient removal and energy recovery, by 2030. As per the European Commission, over 18,000 urban agglomerations fall under this mandate, which is demanding for upgrades to pumping stations that handle raw sewage, sludge, and treated effluent. These systems rely heavily on heavy duty submersible and dry pit pumps, often in the 10–30 HP range. The European Investment Bank confirmed that water and wastewater projects accounted for 14.3 billion euros of its 2023 lending portfolio, with pump systems representing a core component. Additionally, the EU’s Circular Economy Action Plan promotes water reuse for industrial and agricultural purposes, which demands additional booster and transfer pumps, further expanding demand beyond basic collection.

The agriculture & irrigation segment is the fastest growing end use sector and is likely to grow at a CAGR of 12.5% over the forecast period. Prolonged droughts across Southern Europe have made irrigation essential, even for traditionally rain fed crops. According to the Copernicus Climate Change Service, the period 2022–2024 recorded the lowest soil moisture levels in 500 years across Spain, Italy, and Greece. In response, the European Commission’s Common Agricultural Policy now allocates over 40% of its rural development budget to water efficiency measures, including pressurized irrigation systems that require reliable surface and submersible pumps. A 2024 Eurostat survey found that irrigated cropland in the EU expanded by 9.3% since 2020, with almond vineyards and olive groves, high value perennial crops, leading adoption. These systems typically use 2–10 HP pumps, making the segment a key growth vector.

By Product Type Insights

The centrifugal pumps segment dominated the market by holding 45.5% of the regional market share in 2025. The growth of the centrifugal pumps segment in this regional market is driven by their versatility, efficiency, and compatibility with variable speed drives. Centrifugal pumps are the default choice for water movement in municipal, industrial, and building services, due to their simple design, high flow rates, and low maintenance needs. In HVAC systems, which account for over 25 million installations across the EU, circulator pumps, a subtype of centrifugal design, are mandated under EN 15242 ventilation standards. According to the European Committee for Standardization, over 95% of new commercial buildings in Germany, Netherlands, and Denmark specify centrifugal pumps for chilled water and heating loops. Similarly, in wastewater treatment plants, radial and mixed flow centrifugal variants handle primary and secondary effluent with minimal clogging risk. Their ability to scale from 0.1 HP circulators to 100 HP dry pit units ensures dominance across capacity and sector lines, without requiring fundamentally different engineering.

The submersible pumps segment is the fastest growing product type and is estimated to register a CAGR of 6.88% over the forecast period. European cities face intensifying stormwater challenges due to climate change, with flash floods becoming 40% more frequent since 2000, as per the European Environment Agency. To mitigate this, municipalities are investing in underground pumping stations equipped with submersible units that operate directly in sumps and wet wells. The City of Copenhagen’s Cloudburst Management Plan allocated 1.5 billion euros through 2030 for 300 new pumping nodes, all requiring heavy duty submersible pumps. Similarly, Paris upgraded its Seine flood tunnels with 45 new 15–25 HP submersibles in 2023. These installations prioritize reliability, corrosion resistance, and automatic operation, attributes inherent to modern submersible designs with stainless steel or composite housings and dry motor chambers.

REGIONAL ANALYSIS

Germany Water Pumps Market Analysis

Germany held the leading spot in the European water pumps market in 2025 by capturing 21.8% of the regional market share. The dominance of Germany in the European market is driven by its advanced industrial base, stringent environmental regulations, and robust infrastructure investment. As per the German Federal Environment Agency, over 98% of the population is connected to wastewater treatment systems, requiring continuous pump maintenance and upgrades. The country’s Energiewende policy mandates energy efficient motors across all sectors, with IE4 becoming the de facto standard for new pump installations since 2023. Additionally, Germany hosts Europe’s largest chemical and automotive manufacturing clusters, which consume vast volumes of process water, necessitating high reliability pumps in cooling and fluid transfer circuits. The German Engineering Federation reports that industrial pump retrofits grew by 8.2% in 2024 alone, as companies aligned with the EU Taxonomy for sustainable activities. This combination of regulatory rigor, industrial demand, and engineering excellence ensures Germany’s continued leadership.

France Water Pumps Market Analysis

France held 16.1% of the regional market in 2025. The growth of France in the European water pumps market is attributed to the nationwide infrastructure modernization and agricultural water security initiatives. According to France’s Ministry of Ecological Transition, the government’s France Relance plan allocated 3.8 billion euros in 2023 for water network rehabilitation, targeting 23,000 municipalities. This includes replacement of over 15,000 aging pumping stations, many dating to the 1960s. Simultaneously, the agricultural sector is shifting to precision irrigation, the French National Institute for Agricultural Research notes that irrigated land expanded by 12% between 2020 and 2024 due to recurring droughts. These systems rely on 2–10 HP centrifugal and submersible pumps, often paired with solar arrays under the Ma Prime Irrigation subsidy scheme. Moreover, France’s overseas territories in the Caribbean and Indian Ocean require corrosion resistant marine grade pumps for desalination, further diversifying demand sources and sustaining market vitality.

Italy Water Pumps Market Analysis

Italy is expected to command for a promising share of the European water pumps market over the forecast period owing to the urgent responses to water scarcity and seismic infrastructure risks. As per Italy’s National Water Agency, 42% of the country’s water distribution network suffers from leakage rates exceeding 35%, necessitating localized pumping solutions to maintain pressure in fragmented zones. The Italian government’s National Recovery and Resilience Plan dedicate 6.2 billion euros to water infrastructure through 2026, with a focus on smart pumping stations in the Po Valley and Sicily. Additionally, Southern Italy’s intensive horticulture, producing 70% of the EU’s tomatoes and citrus, relies heavily on drip irrigation systems that require thousands of small submersible and surface pumps. A 2024 ISTAT survey found that 68% of farms upgraded their pumping equipment in the past two years, due to both drought stress and EU subsidy availability. This convergence of environmental pressure and policy support positions Italy as a high growth engine.

United Kingdom Water Pumps Market Analysis

The United Kingdom is anticipated to showcase a prominent CAGR in the European water pumps market over the forecast period owing to the flood resilience mandates and post Brexit regulatory alignment. According to the UK Environment Agency, over 5 million properties are at risk from surface water flooding, prompting investment in sustainable urban drainage systems that incorporate automated submersible pumps. In 2023, Ofwat required all water companies to reduce leakage by 16% by 2025, accelerating pump-based pressure management across networks. Thames Water and Severn Trent alone committed 2.3 billion pounds to pumping infrastructure upgrades through 2027. Additionally, the UK’s departure from the EU has not diluted ecodesign standards, the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero enforces equivalent motor efficiency rules, ensuring continued adoption of variable speed pumps. The rise of modular housing and data centers, both heavy water users, further amplifies demand for compact, high reliability units, sustaining steady market expansion despite macroeconomic headwinds.

Spain Water Pumps Market Analysis

Spain is projected to account for a notable share of the European water pumps market during the forecast period. Spain is experiencing the highest per capita growth among the top five countries, due to acute water stress and policy driven agricultural adaptation. According to Spain’s Ministry for Ecological Transition, the country faces the EU’s highest irrigation water demand, with agriculture consuming 82% of total freshwater withdrawals. Prolonged drought has depleted reservoirs to 40% capacity in 2024, triggering emergency groundwater pumping and desalination expansion. The government’s Plan Nacional de Depuración includes 120 new wastewater reuse plants by 2027, requiring robust booster and submersible pumps. Simultaneously, the Common Agricultural Policy’s eco schemes subsidize solar powered irrigation, with over 9,000 installations completed in 2023, per the Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund. Urban areas like Barcelona and Valencia are also deploying smart pumping networks to combat non-revenue water losses, which average 28% nationally, as per the Spanish Water Association. These systemic pressures transform pumps from ancillary components into strategic assets for national water security.

COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE

Competition in the Europe Water Pumps Market is characterized by a blend of technological leadership regulatory alignment and service differentiation among established multinational players. The market features high entry barriers due to stringent EU efficiency standards certification requirements and complex distribution networks. Leading companies compete not only on hardware reliability but increasingly on digital capabilities such as remote diagnostics energy analytics and lifecycle management platforms. Price competition remains moderate as buyers in municipal and industrial segments prioritize total cost of ownership over initial purchase price. Regional players focus on niche applications such as small-scale irrigation or legacy system repairs but struggle to match the R and D scale of global firms. The competitive landscape is further shaped by public procurement policies that favor energy efficient and locally serviceable equipment. As water security and decarbonization become strategic priorities, competition is evolving from product specification to integrated water system performance making partnerships and after sales support critical differentiators in a mature yet dynamically regulated environment.

KEY MARKET PLAYERS

Some of the companies that are playing a dominating role in the europe water pumps market include

• Grundfos
• KSB SE & Co. KGaA
• Sulzer Ltd
• Wilo SE
• Xylem Inc.
• Flowserve Corporation
• Ebara Corporation
• Pentair plc
• Danfoss A/S
• ITT Inc.

Top Players in the Market

Grundfos

Grundfos is a globally recognized leader in advanced pumping solutions with deep integration across the Europe Water Pumps Market. The company specializes in energy efficient circulator and submersible pumps for building services water utilities and industrial applications. Grundfos contributes significantly to global sustainability efforts through its iSOLUTIONS platform which embeds intelligence into pump systems for real time optimization. In recent years the company has expanded its digital offering with the launch of the Grundfos GO Remote app and cloud-based monitoring services. It has also invested in circular design principles introducing pumps with modular components and extended spare parts availability aligned with EU right to repair initiatives. These actions reinforce its reputation for innovation and long-term performance.

KSB

KSB is a major European engineering group renowned for its robust industrial and municipal water pumps serving power chemical and wastewater sectors. The company plays a pivotal role in global pump standardization and efficiency benchmarking through its participation in ISO and CEN technical committees. KSB has strengthened its market position by enhancing its digital capabilities including the rollout of the KSB PumpMeter IoT system which enables predictive maintenance and performance analytics. The company also launched its EtaLine series of high efficiency centrifugal pumps compliant with IE5 motor standards. Additionally, KSB has expanded service centers across Eastern Europe to support aging infrastructure upgrades ensuring rapid response and technical support which deepens customer retention in public and industrial segments.

Xylem

Xylem delivers comprehensive water technology solutions with a strong footprint in Europe’s municipal and agricultural pump markets. The company is globally recognized for its Flygt submersible pumps and Lowara surface pump ranges tailored for flood control irrigation and clean water distribution. Xylem has reinforced its European presence through sustainability driven innovation including the release of the eSV inline pump series featuring IE5 motors and integrated variable frequency drives. The company also advanced its digital ecosystem with the Pure Technologies platform offering pipeline and pump health monitoring. Recently Xylem partnered with several EU water utilities to pilot AI powered leak detection systems linked to pump performance data aligning with the EU’s water loss reduction targets and enhancing its value beyond hardware supply.

Top Strategies Used by the Key Market Participants

Key players in the Europe Water Pumps Market prioritize compliance with EU eco-design and motor efficiency regulations by integrating IE4 and IE5 class motors across product lines. They invest heavily in digitalization embedding sensors and IoT connectivity to enable predictive maintenance and remote monitoring. Companies adopt circular economy principles through modular design extended spare parts availability and take back programs. Geographic expansion into Eastern and Southern Europe targets infrastructure modernization funded by EU recovery funds. Additionally, they form strategic partnerships with water utilities and agricultural cooperatives to offer integrated solutions combining hardware software and service support thereby shifting from product sales to performance-based contracts.

MARKET SEGMENTATION

This europe water pumps market research report is segmented and sub-segmented into the following categories.

By Capacity

• Upto 2HP
• 2-5 HP
• 5-10 HP
• 10-15 HP
• 15-20 HP
• 20-30 HP
• Above 30 HP

By Product Type

• Centrifugal Pump
• Single Stage
• Multi-Stage
• Axial & Mixed Flow
• Submersible
• Circulator
• Positive Displacement
• Reciprocating
• Rotary

By End Use Sector

• Centrifugal Pump
• Domestic
• Agriculture & Irrigation
• Mining
• Water & Wastewater
• Oil & Gas
• Other Industrial
• Positive Displacement
• Oil & Gas
• Chemical
• Water & Wastewater
• Pulp & Paper
• Power
• Other Industrial

By Country

• UK
• France
• Spain
• Germany
• Italy
• Russia
• Sweden
• Denmark
• Switzerland
• Netherlands
• Turkey
• Czech Republic
• Rest of Europe